Bentham’s Contextualism and Its Relation to Analytic Philosophy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/jhap.v2i8.971Abstract
This paper (i) offers an interpretation of some central aspects of Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of language, (ii) challenges the received view of its relation to analytic philosophy, and (iii) seeks to show that this investigation into the prehistory of analytic philosophy sheds light on its history proper. It has been often maintained, most notably by Quine, that Bentham anticipated Frege’s context principle and the use of contextual definition. On these bases, Bentham has been presented as one of the initiators of a tradition that shares a common commitment to the “semantic priority of sentences” and that includes authors as otherwise diverse as Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein. In opposition to this narrative, I argue that Bentham did indeed anticipate the use of contextual definition, but was not a forerunner of Frege’s context principle. The two issues should be sharply distinguished. I show that Bentham’s philosophy of language is informed by a set of empiricist assumptions that Frege’s contextualism was centrally meant to oppose. I conclude that with respect to the question of the relation between propositional and sub-propositional meaning, we should distinguish two opposed strands in the history of analytic philosophy: an empiricist strand anticipated by Bentham, represented most notably by Russell, and an anti-empiricist strand, represented most notably by Frege and Wittgenstein.
References
David Bell. Frege’s Theory of Judgment. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979.
Jeremy Bentham. Essay on Logic. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 8, pages 213-293. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843a.
Jeremy Bentham. Essay on Language. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 8, pages 294-338. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843b.
Jeremy Bentham. Radical Reform Bill. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 3, pages 558-597. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843c.
Jeremy Bentham. Pannomial Fragments. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 3, pages 210-229. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843d.
Jeremy Bentham. Memorandum Book. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 11, pages 71-74. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843e.
Jeremy Bentham. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 2, Of Laws in General. Edited by H. L. A. Hart. University of London Athlone Press, London, 1970.
Jeremy Bentham. A Fragment on Government. In The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 4, A Comment on the
Commentaries and A Fragment on Government, pages 393-551. Edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart. University of London Athlone Press, London, 1977.
Jeremy Bentham. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 7, Chrestomathia. Edited by M. J. Smith and W. H. Burston. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983.
Jeremy Bentham. De l’ontologie et autres textes sur les fictions. Edited by J.-P. Cléro, C. Laval, and Ph. Schofield. Édition du
Seuils, Paris, 1997.
Max Black. A Companion to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Cornell University Press, Ithaca (NY), 1964.
Francis H. Bradley. Appearance and Reality. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1893.
Silver Bronzo. Context, Compositionality, and Nonsense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In R. Read and M. Lavery, editors, Beyond the Tractatus Wars: The New Wittgenstein Debate, pages 84-111. Routledge, Abingdon - New York, 2011.
Silver Bronzo. Words, Sentences, and Speech Acts. An Interpretation and Defense of the Context Principle. Doctoral Dissertation to be submitted to the Department of Philosophy of the University of Chicago in 2014.
Stewart Candlish. The Unity of the Proposition and Russell’s Theory of Judgment. In R. Monk and A. Palmer, editors, Bertrand Russell and the Origins of Analytic Philosophy, pages
103-135. Thoemmes Press, Bristol, 1996.
James Conant. The Method of the Tractatus. In E. H. Reck, editor, From Frege to Wittgenstein: Perspectives on Early Analytic Philosophy, pages 374-462. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002a.
James Conant. On Going the Bloody Hard Way in Philosophy. In J.
Whittaker, editor, The Possibilities of Sense, pages 85-129. Palgrave, New York, 2002b.
Donald Davidson. Truth and Predication. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2005.
Cora Diamond. What Nonsense Might Be. In The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind, pages 95-114. MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1991.
Michael Dummett. Frege: Philosophy of Language, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1981.
Jerry Fodor and Ernst Lepore. Holism: A Shopper’s Guide. Blackwell, Oxford, 1992.
Gottlob Frege. Dialogue with Pünjer on Existence. In Posthumous Writings, pages 53-67. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979a.
Gottlob Frege. Logic in Mathematics. In Posthumous Writings, pages 203-250. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979b.
Gottlob Frege. Notes to Ludwig Darmstaedter. In Posthumous Writings, pages 253-257. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979c.
Gottlob Frege. Sources of Knowledge of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. In Posthumous Writings, pages 267-274. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979d.
Gottlob Frege. The Foundations of Arithmetic, 2nd edition. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1980.
Gottlob Frege. Compound Thoughts. In Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy, pages 390-406. Blackwell, Oxford, 1984.
Gottlob Frege. Begriffsschrift. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 47-78 (partial translation). Blackwell, Oxford, 1997a.
Gottlob Frege. On Concept and Object. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 181-193. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997b.
Gottlob Frege. Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, volume 2. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 258-289 (partial translation). Blackwell, Oxford, 1997c.
Gottlob Frege. Frege to Jourdain, January 1914. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 319-321. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997d.
Richard Gaskin. The Unity of the Proposition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
Martha I. Gibson. From Naming to Saying: The Unity of the Proposition. Blackwell, Oxford, 2004.
Hans-Johann Glock. All Kinds of Nonsense. In E. Ammereller and E. Fisher, editors, Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the Philosophical Investigations, pages 221-245. Routledge, London, 2004.
Hans-Johann Glock. What is Analytic Philosophy? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
Peter M. S. Hacker. Semantic Holism: Frege and Wittgenstein. In C. G. Luckhardt, editor, Wittgenstein: Sources and Perspectives, pages 213-242. The Harverster Press, Hassocks, 1979.
Peter M. S. Hacker. The Rise of Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. In Hans-Johann Glock, editor, The Rise of Analytic Philosophy, pages 51-76. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997.
Peter M. S. Hacker and Gordon Baker. An Analytical Commentary on Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, volume 1, book 1, Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning, 2nd edition. Blackwell, Oxford, 2005.
Peter Hanks. How Wittgenstein Defeated Russell’s Multiple Relation Theory of Judgment. Synthese, 154: 121-146, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-005-0195-y
Ross Harrison. Bentham. Routledge, London, 1983.
Herbert L. A. Hart. Essays on Bentham. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.
Peter Hylton. Russell, Idealism and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990.
Peter Hylton. The Nature of the Proposition and the Revolt Against Idealism. In Propositions, Functions and Analysis, pages 9-29. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
Theo M. V. Janssen. Frege, Contextuality and Compositionality. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 10: 115-136, 2001. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026542332224
David Kaplan. What is Russell’s Theory of Descriptions? In D. F. Pears, editor, Bertrand Russell: A Collection of Critical Essays, pages 227-244. Anchor Books, New York, 1972.
Kevin C. Klement. Putting Form Before Function: Logical Grammar in Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein. Philosopher’s Imprint, 4(2): 1-47, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo. 3521354.0004.002
Leonard Linsky. The Unity of the Proposition. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 30(2): 243-273, 1992. DOI: 10.1353/hph.1992.0024
Øystein Linnebo. Compositionality and Frege’s Context Principle.
Unpublished.
Michael Losonsky. Language, Meaning, and Mind in Locke’s Essay. In L. Newman, editor, The Cambridge Companion to Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” pages 286-312. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Peter Milne. Frege’s Context Principle. Mind, 95(380): 491-495, 1986. DOI: 10.1093/mind/XCV.380.491
Charles K. Ogden. Bentham’s Theory of Fictions. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1932.
Anthony Palmer. Concept and Object: The Unity of the Proposition in Logic and Psychology. Routledge, London, 1988.
Francis J. Pelletier. Did Frege Believe the Context Principle? Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 10: 87-114, 2001. DOI:
10.1023/A:1026594023292
Willard V. O. Quine. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. In From a Logical Point of View, pages 20-46. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1953.
Willard V. O. Quine. Epistemology Naturalized. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, pages 69-90. Columbia University Press, New York, 1969a.
Willard V. O. Quine. Set Theory and its Logic, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1969b.
Willard V. O. Quine. Five Milestones of Empiricism. In Theories and Things, pages 67-72. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1981.
Willard V. O. Quine. Philosophy of Logic, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1986.
Michael D. Resnik. The Context Principle in Frege’s Philosophy. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 27(3): 356-365, 1967. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2106062
Michael D. Resnik. Frege’s Context Principle Revisited. In M. Schirn, editor, Studien zu Frege III: Logik und Semantik, pages 35-49. Frommann-Holtzboog, Stuttgart, 1976.
Bertrand Russell. The Principles of Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1903.
Bertrand Russell. The Relation of Sense Data to Physics. In Mysticism and Logic, pages 145-179. Longsmans, Greens, & Co., London, 1918.
Bertrand Russell. On Denoting. In Logic and Knowledge, pages 41-56. Allen and Unwin, London, 1956a.
Bertrand Russell. The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. In Logic and Knowledge, pages 175-281. Allen and Unwin, London, 1956b.
Bertrand Russell. The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.
Bertrand Russell. Russell to Bradley, 30 January 1914. In The Collected Works F. H. Bradley, volume 5, pages 181-182. Thoemmes, Bristol, 1999.
Gilbert Ryle. Collected Papers, Volume 1: Critical Essays. Routledge, New York, 2009.
John Searle. The Unity of the Proposition. In Philosophy in a New Century, pages 181-196. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
John Skorupski. English-Language Philosophy, 1750 to 1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
Hans D. Sluga. Gottlob Frege. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1980.
Graham Stevens. Russell and the Unity of the Proposition. Philosophy Compass, 3(3): 491–506, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747- 9991.2008.00142.x Peter Sullivan. Dummett’s Frege. In M. Potter and T. Ricketts, editors, The Cambridge Campanion to Fregre, pages 86-117.
John Wisdom. Interpretation and Analysis in Relation to Bentham’s Theory of Definition. Kegan Paul, London, 1931.
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations, 2nd edition. Blackwell, Oxford, 1958.
Crispin Wright. Frege’s Conception of Numbers as Objects. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, 1983.
Jeremy Bentham. Essay on Logic. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 8, pages 213-293. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843a.
Jeremy Bentham. Essay on Language. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 8, pages 294-338. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843b.
Jeremy Bentham. Radical Reform Bill. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 3, pages 558-597. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843c.
Jeremy Bentham. Pannomial Fragments. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 3, pages 210-229. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843d.
Jeremy Bentham. Memorandum Book. In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 11, pages 71-74. W. Tait, Edinburgh, 1843e.
Jeremy Bentham. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 2, Of Laws in General. Edited by H. L. A. Hart. University of London Athlone Press, London, 1970.
Jeremy Bentham. A Fragment on Government. In The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 4, A Comment on the
Commentaries and A Fragment on Government, pages 393-551. Edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart. University of London Athlone Press, London, 1977.
Jeremy Bentham. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume 7, Chrestomathia. Edited by M. J. Smith and W. H. Burston. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983.
Jeremy Bentham. De l’ontologie et autres textes sur les fictions. Edited by J.-P. Cléro, C. Laval, and Ph. Schofield. Édition du
Seuils, Paris, 1997.
Max Black. A Companion to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Cornell University Press, Ithaca (NY), 1964.
Francis H. Bradley. Appearance and Reality. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1893.
Silver Bronzo. Context, Compositionality, and Nonsense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. In R. Read and M. Lavery, editors, Beyond the Tractatus Wars: The New Wittgenstein Debate, pages 84-111. Routledge, Abingdon - New York, 2011.
Silver Bronzo. Words, Sentences, and Speech Acts. An Interpretation and Defense of the Context Principle. Doctoral Dissertation to be submitted to the Department of Philosophy of the University of Chicago in 2014.
Stewart Candlish. The Unity of the Proposition and Russell’s Theory of Judgment. In R. Monk and A. Palmer, editors, Bertrand Russell and the Origins of Analytic Philosophy, pages
103-135. Thoemmes Press, Bristol, 1996.
James Conant. The Method of the Tractatus. In E. H. Reck, editor, From Frege to Wittgenstein: Perspectives on Early Analytic Philosophy, pages 374-462. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002a.
James Conant. On Going the Bloody Hard Way in Philosophy. In J.
Whittaker, editor, The Possibilities of Sense, pages 85-129. Palgrave, New York, 2002b.
Donald Davidson. Truth and Predication. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2005.
Cora Diamond. What Nonsense Might Be. In The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind, pages 95-114. MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1991.
Michael Dummett. Frege: Philosophy of Language, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1981.
Jerry Fodor and Ernst Lepore. Holism: A Shopper’s Guide. Blackwell, Oxford, 1992.
Gottlob Frege. Dialogue with Pünjer on Existence. In Posthumous Writings, pages 53-67. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979a.
Gottlob Frege. Logic in Mathematics. In Posthumous Writings, pages 203-250. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979b.
Gottlob Frege. Notes to Ludwig Darmstaedter. In Posthumous Writings, pages 253-257. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979c.
Gottlob Frege. Sources of Knowledge of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. In Posthumous Writings, pages 267-274. Blackwell, Oxford, 1979d.
Gottlob Frege. The Foundations of Arithmetic, 2nd edition. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1980.
Gottlob Frege. Compound Thoughts. In Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy, pages 390-406. Blackwell, Oxford, 1984.
Gottlob Frege. Begriffsschrift. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 47-78 (partial translation). Blackwell, Oxford, 1997a.
Gottlob Frege. On Concept and Object. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 181-193. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997b.
Gottlob Frege. Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, volume 2. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 258-289 (partial translation). Blackwell, Oxford, 1997c.
Gottlob Frege. Frege to Jourdain, January 1914. In M. Beaney, editor, The Frege Reader, pages 319-321. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997d.
Richard Gaskin. The Unity of the Proposition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.
Martha I. Gibson. From Naming to Saying: The Unity of the Proposition. Blackwell, Oxford, 2004.
Hans-Johann Glock. All Kinds of Nonsense. In E. Ammereller and E. Fisher, editors, Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the Philosophical Investigations, pages 221-245. Routledge, London, 2004.
Hans-Johann Glock. What is Analytic Philosophy? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
Peter M. S. Hacker. Semantic Holism: Frege and Wittgenstein. In C. G. Luckhardt, editor, Wittgenstein: Sources and Perspectives, pages 213-242. The Harverster Press, Hassocks, 1979.
Peter M. S. Hacker. The Rise of Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. In Hans-Johann Glock, editor, The Rise of Analytic Philosophy, pages 51-76. Blackwell, Oxford, 1997.
Peter M. S. Hacker and Gordon Baker. An Analytical Commentary on Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, volume 1, book 1, Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning, 2nd edition. Blackwell, Oxford, 2005.
Peter Hanks. How Wittgenstein Defeated Russell’s Multiple Relation Theory of Judgment. Synthese, 154: 121-146, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-005-0195-y
Ross Harrison. Bentham. Routledge, London, 1983.
Herbert L. A. Hart. Essays on Bentham. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.
Peter Hylton. Russell, Idealism and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990.
Peter Hylton. The Nature of the Proposition and the Revolt Against Idealism. In Propositions, Functions and Analysis, pages 9-29. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
Theo M. V. Janssen. Frege, Contextuality and Compositionality. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 10: 115-136, 2001. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026542332224
David Kaplan. What is Russell’s Theory of Descriptions? In D. F. Pears, editor, Bertrand Russell: A Collection of Critical Essays, pages 227-244. Anchor Books, New York, 1972.
Kevin C. Klement. Putting Form Before Function: Logical Grammar in Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein. Philosopher’s Imprint, 4(2): 1-47, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo. 3521354.0004.002
Leonard Linsky. The Unity of the Proposition. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 30(2): 243-273, 1992. DOI: 10.1353/hph.1992.0024
Øystein Linnebo. Compositionality and Frege’s Context Principle.
Unpublished.
Michael Losonsky. Language, Meaning, and Mind in Locke’s Essay. In L. Newman, editor, The Cambridge Companion to Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” pages 286-312. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Peter Milne. Frege’s Context Principle. Mind, 95(380): 491-495, 1986. DOI: 10.1093/mind/XCV.380.491
Charles K. Ogden. Bentham’s Theory of Fictions. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1932.
Anthony Palmer. Concept and Object: The Unity of the Proposition in Logic and Psychology. Routledge, London, 1988.
Francis J. Pelletier. Did Frege Believe the Context Principle? Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 10: 87-114, 2001. DOI:
10.1023/A:1026594023292
Willard V. O. Quine. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. In From a Logical Point of View, pages 20-46. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1953.
Willard V. O. Quine. Epistemology Naturalized. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, pages 69-90. Columbia University Press, New York, 1969a.
Willard V. O. Quine. Set Theory and its Logic, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1969b.
Willard V. O. Quine. Five Milestones of Empiricism. In Theories and Things, pages 67-72. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1981.
Willard V. O. Quine. Philosophy of Logic, 2nd edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 1986.
Michael D. Resnik. The Context Principle in Frege’s Philosophy. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 27(3): 356-365, 1967. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2106062
Michael D. Resnik. Frege’s Context Principle Revisited. In M. Schirn, editor, Studien zu Frege III: Logik und Semantik, pages 35-49. Frommann-Holtzboog, Stuttgart, 1976.
Bertrand Russell. The Principles of Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1903.
Bertrand Russell. The Relation of Sense Data to Physics. In Mysticism and Logic, pages 145-179. Longsmans, Greens, & Co., London, 1918.
Bertrand Russell. On Denoting. In Logic and Knowledge, pages 41-56. Allen and Unwin, London, 1956a.
Bertrand Russell. The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. In Logic and Knowledge, pages 175-281. Allen and Unwin, London, 1956b.
Bertrand Russell. The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.
Bertrand Russell. Russell to Bradley, 30 January 1914. In The Collected Works F. H. Bradley, volume 5, pages 181-182. Thoemmes, Bristol, 1999.
Gilbert Ryle. Collected Papers, Volume 1: Critical Essays. Routledge, New York, 2009.
John Searle. The Unity of the Proposition. In Philosophy in a New Century, pages 181-196. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
John Skorupski. English-Language Philosophy, 1750 to 1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
Hans D. Sluga. Gottlob Frege. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1980.
Graham Stevens. Russell and the Unity of the Proposition. Philosophy Compass, 3(3): 491–506, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747- 9991.2008.00142.x Peter Sullivan. Dummett’s Frege. In M. Potter and T. Ricketts, editors, The Cambridge Campanion to Fregre, pages 86-117.
John Wisdom. Interpretation and Analysis in Relation to Bentham’s Theory of Definition. Kegan Paul, London, 1931.
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations, 2nd edition. Blackwell, Oxford, 1958.
Crispin Wright. Frege’s Conception of Numbers as Objects. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, 1983.
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