Frege's Curiously Two-Dimensional Concept-Script

Authors

  • Landon D. C. Elkind

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15173/jhap.v9i11.5008

Abstract

In this paper I argue that the two-dimensional character of Frege’s Begriffsschrift plays an epistemological role in his argument for the analyticity of arithmetic. First, I motivate the claim that its two-dimensional character needs a historical explanation. Then, to set the stage, I discuss Frege’s notion of a Begriffsschrift and Kant’s epistemology of mathematics as synthetic a priori and partly grounded in intuition, canvassing Frege’s sharp disagreement on these points. Finally, I argue that the two-dimensional character of Frege’s notations play the epistemological role of facilitating our grasp of logical truths (foundational and derived) independently of intuition. The rest of this paper critically evaluates Frege’s view and discusses Macbeth’s (2005) account.

References

Anellis, Irving H., 2012. “How Peircean was the “ ‘Fregean’ Revolution” in Logic?.” Logicheskie issledovanya 18: 239–72.

Angelelli, Ignacio, 2007. “Macbeth’s “Hitherto Unimaginable” Frege.” The Review of Modern Logic 11: 127–31.

Antognazza, Maria Rosa, 2009. Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bar-Elli, Gilead, 2014. “Three Kantian Strands in Frege’s View of Arithmetic.” Journal for the History of Analytic Philosophy 2: 1–20.

Barnes, Jonathan, 2002. “What is a Begriffsschrift?.” Dialectica 56: 65–80.

Blanchette, Patricia, 2018. “The Frege-Hilbert Controversy.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/frege-hilbert/

Boolos, George, 1997. “Is Hume’s Principle Analytic?.” In Language, Thought, and Logic, edited by Richard Kimberly Heck, pp. 245–62. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bynum, Terrell Ward, 1972. “On the Life and Work of Gottlob Frege.” In Frege (1972).

Coffa, J. Alberto, 1991. The Semantic Tradition from Frege to Carnap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. edited by Linda Wessels.

Cook, Roy T., ed., 2007. The Arché Papers on Mathematical Abstraction. Dordrecht: Springer.

———, 2013. “Appendix.” In Basic Laws of Arithmetic, pp. A1–A42. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Couturat, Louis, 1904. “Letter to Frege, 11 February 1904.” In Frege (1980), pp. 13–14.

Dummett, Michael, 1982. “Frege and Kant on Geometry.” Inquiry 25: 233–54.

Dunning, David E., 2018. ““Always Mixed Together”: Notation, Language, and the Pedagogy of Frege’s Begriffsschrift.” Modern Intellectual History First View: 1–33.

Ebert, Philip A. and Marcus Rossberg, 2013. “Translators’ Introduction.” In Frege (2013), pp. xiii–xxxix.

Floyd, Juliet and Sanford Shieh, eds., 2001. Future Pasts: The Analytic Tradition in Twentieth Century Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Floyd, Juliet, 2009. “Recent Themes in the History of Early Analytic Philosophy.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 47: 157–200.

Frege, Gottlob, 1873 [1984]. “On a Geometrical Representation of Imaginary Forms in the Plane.” In Frege (1984), pp. 1–55.

———, 1874 [1984]. “Methods of Calculation Based on an Extension of the Concept of Quality.” In Frege (1984), pp. 56–92.

———, 1879 [1997]. “Begriffsschrift Selections.” In Frege (1997), pp. 47–78.

———, 1879-91 [1979]. “Logic.” In Frege (1979), pp. 1–8.

———, 1880-81 [1979]. “Boole’s Logical Calculus and the Concept-Script.” In Frege (1979), pp. 9–46.

———, 1882a [1972]. “On the Aim of the Conceptual Notation.” In Frege (1972), pp. 90–100.

———, 1882b [1972]. “On the Scientific Justification of a Conceptual Notation.” In Frege (1972), pp. 83–89.

———, 1882c [1979]. “Boole’s Logical Formula-Language and my Concept-Script.” In Frege (1979), pp. 47–52.

———, 1884 [1953]. The Foundations of Arithmetic, Second revised edition. Oxford: Blackwell.

———, 1891 [1984]. “Function and Concept.” In Frege (1984), pp. 137–56.

———, 1893 [2013]. “Basic Laws of Arithmetic, volume I ”. In Frege (2013).

———, 1895 [1984]. “A Critical Elucidation of some Points in E. Schröder, Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik.” In Frege (1984), pp. 210–28.

———, 1897a [1979]. “Logic.” In Frege (1979), pp. 126–51.

———, 1897b [1984]. “On Mr. Peano’s Conceptual Notation and My Own.” In Frege (1984), pp. 234–48.

———, 1899-1906 [1979]. “On Euclidean Geometry.” In Frege (1979), pp. 167–69.

———, 1903 [2013]. “Basic Laws of Arithmetic volume II.” In Frege (2013).

———, 1906a [1979]. “Introduction to Logic.” In Frege (1979), pp. 185–96.

———, 1906b [1979]. “What may I regard as the Result of my Work?” In Frege (1979), p. 184.

———, 1914 [1979]. “Logic in Mathematics.” In Frege (1979), pp. 203–50.

———, 1915 [1979]. “My Basic Logical Insights.” In Frege (1979), pp. 251–52.

———, 1918 [1997]. “Thought.” In Frege (1997), pp. 325–45.

———, 1924 [1979]. “Sources of Knowledge of Mathematics and the Mathematical Natural Sciences.” In Frege (1979), pp. 267–74.

———, 1972. Conceptual Notation and Related Articles, edited and translated by Terrell Ward Bynum. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

———, 1979. Posthumous Writings, edited by Hans Hermes, Friedrich Kambartel and Friedrich Kaulbach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———, 1980. Philosophical and Mathematical Correspondence, edited by Gottfried Gabriel, Hans Hermes, Friedrich Kambartel, Christian Thiel and Albert Veraart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———, 1984. Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy, edited by Brian McGuinness, translated by Max Black, V. H. Dudman, Peter Geach, Hans Kaal, E.-H. W. Kluge, Brian McGuinness, and R. H. Stoothoff. Oxford: Blackwell.

———, 1997. The Frege Reader, edited and translated by Michael Beaney. Oxford: Blackwell.

———, 2013. Basic Laws of Arithmetic, translated by Philip Ebert and Marcus Rossberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Goldfarb, Warren, 2001. “Frege’s Conception of Logic.” In Floyd and Shieh (2001), pp. 25–39.

Green, J. J., Marcus Rossberg and Philip A. Ebert, 2015. “The Convenience of the Typesetter: Notation and Typography in Frege’s Grungesetze der Arithmetik.” The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 21: 15–30.

Hintikka, Jaakko, 1988. “On the Development of the Model-Theoretic Viewpoint in Logical Theory.” Synthese 77: 1–36.

Houser, Nathan, 1987. “Peirce’s Early Work on the Algebra of Logic: Remarks on Zeman’s Account.” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 23: 425–40.

Jourdain, Philip E. B., 1989. “The Development of the Theories of Mathematical Logic and the Principles of Mathematics.” In Philip E. B. Jourdain: Selected Essays on the History of Set Theory and Logics, edited by Ivor Grattan-Guinness, pp. 101–244. Bologna: Editrice.

Kant, Immanuel, 1783 [2004]. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics that will be able to come forward as Science, translated by Gary Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———, 1781-87 [1998]. Critique of Pure Reason, translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kluge, Eike-Henner W., 1980. “Frege, Leibniz and the Notion of an Ideal Language.” Studia Leibnitiana 12: 140–54.

Kusch, Martin, 1989. Language as Calculus vs. Language as Universal Medium. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Landini, Gregory, 2012. Frege’s Notations: How They Are and What They Mean. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 1666 [2020]. Leibniz: Dissertation on Combinatorial Art, edited by Massimo Mugnai, Han van Ruler and Martin Wilson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Longuenesse, Béatrice, 2006. “Kant on A Priori Concepts: The Metaphysical Deduction of the Categories.” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, edited by Paul Guyer, pp. 129–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Macbeth, Danielle, 2005. Frege’s Logic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

———, 2018. “Logical Form, Mathematical Practice, and Frege’s Begriffsschrift.” Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 169: 1419–36.

MacFarlane, John, 2002. “Frege, Kant, and the Logic in Logicism.” The Philosophical Review 111: 25–65.

Mezzadri, Daniele, 2019. “Formality of Logic and Frege’s Begriffsschrift.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 49: 182–207.

Mugnai, Massimo, 2018. “Ars Characteristica, Logical Calculus, and Natural Languages.” In The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz, edited by Maria Rosa Antognazza, pp. 177–210. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Peckhaus, Volker, 2004. “Calculus Ratiocinator versus Characteristica Universalis? The Two Traditions in Logic, Revisited.” History and Philosophy of Logic 25: 3–14.

Pedriali, Walter B., 2017. “The Logical Significance of Assertion.” Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 5: 1–22.

Pelletier, Arnaud, 2018. “The Scientia Generalis and the Encyclopedia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz, edited by Maria Rosa Antognazza, pp. 162–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ricketts, Thomas, 1997. “Truth-Values and Courses-of-Value in Frege’s Grundgesetze.” In Early Analytic Philosophy, edited by William W. Tait. Chicago, IL: Open Court.

Russell, Bertrand, 1912. The Problems of Philosophy. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Schlimm, Dirk, 2018. “On Frege’s Begriffsschrift Notation for Propositional Logic: Design Principles and Trade-Offs.” History and Philosophy of Logic 39: 53–79.

Shieh, Sanford, 2019. Necessity Lost: Modality and Logic in Early Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shipley, Jeremy, 2015. “Frege on the Foundation of Geometry in Intuition.” Journal of the History of Analytical Philosophy 3: 1–23.

Sluga, Hans D., 1980. Gottlob Frege. New York: Routledge.

Tappenden, Jamie, 2013. “The Mathematical and Logical Background to Analytical Philosophy.” In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, edited by Michael Beaney, pp. 318–54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Toader, Iulian D., 2004. “On Frege’s Logical Diagrams.”: 22–25.

van Heijenoort, Jean, 1967. “Logic as Calculus and Logic as Language.” Synthese 17: 324–30.

Vikko, Risto, 1998. “The Reception of Frege’s Begriffsschrift.” Historia Mathematica 25: 412–22.

Wright, Crispin, 1999. “Is Hume’s Principle Analytic?” Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 40: 6–30.

Zeman, J. Jay, 1986. “Peirce’s Philosophy of Logic.” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 22: 1–22.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-31