Cassirer's Psychology of Relations: From the Psychology of Mathematics and Natural Science to the Psychology of Culture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/jhap.v6i3.3437Abstract
In spite of Ernst Cassirer’s criticisms of psychologism throughout Substance and Function, in the final chapter he issues a demand for a “psychology of relations” that can do justice to the subjective dimensions of mathematics and natural science. Although these remarks remain somewhat promissory, the fact that this is how Cassirer chooses to conclude Substance and Function recommends it as a topic worthy of serious consideration. In this paper, I argue that in order to work out the details of Cassirer’s psychology of relations in Substance and Function, we need to situate it within two broader frameworks. First, I position Cassirer’s view in relation to the view of psychology and logic endorsed by his Marburg Neo-Kantian predecessors, Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. Second, I augment Cassirer’s early account of the psychology of relations in Substance and Function with the more mature view of psychology that he presents in The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. By placing Cassirer’s account within these contexts, I claim that we gain insight into his psychology of relations, not just as it pertains to mathematics and natural science, but to culture as a whole. Moreover, I maintain that pursuing this strategy helps shed light on one of the most controversial features of his philosophy of mathematics and natural science, viz., his theory of the a priori.References
Andersch, Norbert, 2015. “Symbolic Form and Mental Illness: Ernst Cassirer’s Contribution to a New Concept of Psychopathology.” In Friedman and Luft (2015), pp. 163–98.
Anderson, R. Lanier, 2005. “Neo-Kantianism and the Roots of Anti-Psychologism.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 13: 287–323.
Cassirer, Ernst, 1906. Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, vol. 1. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [DEPv1 ]
———, 1907. “Kant und die moderne Mathematik.” Kant-Studien 12: 1–40. [KMM ]
———, 1910. Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English in Substance and Function and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, by W. C. Swabey and M. C. Swabey. Chicago: Open Court, 1923. [SF ]
———, 1912. “Hermann Cohen und die Erneuerung der Kantischen Philosophie.” Kant-Studien 17: 252–73. Translated into English as “Hermann Cohen and the Renewal of Kantian Philosophy,” by L. Patton, in Luft (2015b), pp. 221–35. [HC ]
———, 1918. Kants Leben und Lehre. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as Kant’s Life and Thought, by J. Haden. New Haven: Yale University Press. [KLT ]
———, 1921. Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English in Substance and Function and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, by by W. C. Swabey and M. C. Swabey. Chicago: Open Court, 1923. [ETR ]
———, 1923. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 1, Die Sprache. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 1, Language, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. [PSFv1 ]
———, 1925a. “Paul Natorp. 24 January 1854–17 August 1924.” Kant-Studien 30: 273–98.
———, 1925a. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 2, Das mythische Denken. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 2, Mythical Thought, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. [PSFv2 ]
———, 1927. “Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie.” In Gesammelte Werke, vol. 17, pp. 13–81. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.
———, 1929. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 3, Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 3, The Phenomenology of Knowledge, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. [PSFv3 ]
———, 1931. “Mythic, Aesthetic, and Theoretical Space.” In Cassirer (1923), pp. 317–33.
———, 1932a. “Language and the Construction of Objects.” In Cassirer (1923), pp. 334–62.
———, 1932b. Die Philosophie der Aufklärung. Tübinen: Morh. Translated into English as The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, by F. Koelln and J. Pettegrove. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951. [PE ]
———, 1936a. “Critical Idealism as a Philosophy of Culture.” MS #21. In Symbol, Myth, and Culture: Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer: 1935–1945, edited by D. P. Verene, pp. 64–91. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. [CIPC ]
———, 1936b. Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik. Göteborg: Göteborgs Högskolas Årsskrift. Translated into English as Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics, by T. Benfey. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
———, 1944. An Essay on Man. New Haven: Yale University Press. [EM ]
———, 1946. The Myth of the State. New Haven: Yale University Press.
———, 1957. Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, vol. 4, von Hegels Tod bis zur Gegenwart (1832–1932). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. Translated into English as The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History Since Hegel, by W. Woglom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. [DEPv4 ]
———, 1995. Nachgelassene Manuskripte unde Texte, vol. 1, Metaphysik der symbolischen Formen, edited by J. M. Krois and O. Schwemmer. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. Translated into English as Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 4, The Metaphysics of Symbolic Forms, by J. M. Krois. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. [PSFv4 ]
———, 2013. The Warburg Years (1919–1933): Essays on Language, Art, Myth, and Technology, translated by S. G. Lofts and A. Calcagno. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cohen, Hermann, 1871/1885. Kants Theorie der Erfahrung. Berlin: Dümmler. [KTE ]
———, 1902/1922: System der Philosophie, part 1, Logik der reinen Erkenntnis. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [LRE ]
———, 1904/1907. System der Philosophie, part 2, Ethik der reinen Willens. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [ERW ]
———, 1912. System der Philosophie, part 3, Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls, 2 vols. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [ARG ]
Dahlstrom, Daniel, 2015. “Natorp’s Psychology.” In de Warren (2015), pp. 240–60.
De Warren, Nicolas, ed., 2015. New Approaches to Neo-Kantianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edgar, Scott, 2008. “Paul Natorp and the Emergence of Anti-Psychologism in the Nineteenth Century.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 39: 54–65.
———, 2015. “Intersubjectivity and Physical Laws in Post-Kantian Theory of Knowledge: Natorp and Cassirer.” In Friedman and Luft (2015), pp. 141–61.
Ferrari, Massimo, 2009. “Is Cassirer a Neo-Kantian Methodologically Speaking?” In Neo-Kantianism in Contemporary Philosophy, edited by R. A. Makkreel and S. Luft, pp. 293–314. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
———, 2012. “Between Cassirer and Kuhn: Some Remarks on Friedman’s Relativized A Priori.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 42: 18–26.
———, 2015. “Cassirer and the Philosophy of Science.” In de Warren (2015), pp. 261–84.
Feyaerts, Jasper and Stijn Vanheule, 2015. “How to Return to Subjectivity: Natorp, Husserl, and Lacan on the Limits of Reflection.” Theory & Psychology 25: 753–74.
Friedman, J. Tyler and Sebastian Luft, eds., 2015. The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer: A Novel Assessment. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Friedman, Michael, 1992. “Epistemology in the ‘Aufbau’.” Synthese 93: 15–57.
———, 2000. A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer and Heidegger. Chicago: Open Court.
Heis, Jeremy, 2010. “ ‘Critical Philosophy Begins At the Very Point Where Logistic Leaves Off’: Cassirer’s Response to Frege and Russell.” Perspectives on Science 18: 383–408.
———, 2014. “Realism, Functions, and the A Priori: Ernst Cassirer’s Philosophy of Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 48: 10–19.
Husserl, Edmund, 1900–1901. Logische Untersuchungen, 2 vols. Halle: M. Niemeyer. Translated into English as Logical Investigations, by J. N. Findlay. Abingdon, Routledge, 1970.
Ihmig, Karl-Norbert, 1997. Cassirers Invariantentheorie der Erfahrung und seine Rezeption des Erlanger Programms. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.
Kant, Immanuel, 1902. Kants Gesammelte Schriften, Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften edition, vol. 3, Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Berlin: de Gruyter. Translated into English as Critique of Pure Reason, by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [KrV ]
Luft, Sebastian, 2015a. The Space of Culture: Towards a Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Culture (Cohen, Natorp, and Cassirer). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———, ed., 2015b. The Neo-Kantian Reader. London: Routledge.
Matherne, Samantha, 2015. “Marburg Neo-Kantianism as Philosophy of Culture.” In Friedman and Luft (2015), pp. 201–31.
Moynahan, Gregory, 2013. Ernst Cassirer and the Critical Science of Germany, 1899–1919. London: Anthem Press.
Natorp, Paul, 1887. “Über objektive und subjektive Begründung der Erkenntniss (Erster Aufsatz).” Philosophische Monatshefte 23: 257–86. Translated into English as “On the Objective and Subjective Grounding of Knowledge,” by L. Phillips and D. Kolb, in Luft (2015b), pp. 164–79. [OS ]
———, 1888. Einleitung in die Psychologie nach kritischer Methode. Freiburg: Mohr.
———, 1910/1921. Die logischen Grundlagen der exakten Wissenschaften, Leipzig: Teubner. Translated in part into English as “The Problem of a Logic of the Exact Sciences,” from The Logical Foundations of the Exact Sciences, by F. Bottenberg, in Luft (2015b), pp. 198–213. [LF ]
———, 1912a. Allgemeine Psychologie nach kritischer Methode. Tübingen: Mohr. [AP ]
———, 1912b. “Kant und die Marburger Schule.” Kant-Studien 17: 193–221. Translated into English as “Kant and the Marburg School,” by F. Bottenberg, in Luft (2015b), pp. 180–95. [KMS ]
Poma, Andrea, 1997. The Critical Philosophy of Hermann Cohen, translated by J. Denton. Albany: SUNY Press.
Renz, Ursula, 2002. Die Rationalität der Kultur: zur Kulturphilosophie und ihrer transzendentalen Begründung bei Cohen, Natorp und Cassirer. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
———, 2005. “Critical Idealism and the Concept of Culture: Philosophy of Culture in Hermann Cohen and Ernst Cassirer.” In Hermann Cohen’s Critical Idealism, edited by R. Munk, pp. 327–56. Dordrecht: Springer.
Richardson, Alan, 1998. Carnap’s Construction of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———, 2003. “Conceiving, Experiencing, and Conceiving Experiencing: Neo-Kantianism and the History of the Concept of Experience.” Topoi 22: 55–67.
Russell, Bertrand, 1903. The Principles of Mathematics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [PoM ]
———, 1905. “Sur la Relation des Mathématiques à la Logistique.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 13: 906–17.
Ryckman, Tom, 2005. The Reign of Relativity: Philosophy in Physics: 1915–25. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tolley, Clinton, 2012. “The Generality of Kant’s Logic.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 50: 417–46.
———, 2016. “The Context of the Development of Carnap’s Views on Logic up to the Aufbau.” In Influences on the Aufbau, edited by C. Damböck, pp. 187–212. Cham: Springer.
Zahavi, Dan, 2003. “How to Investigate Subjectivity: Natorp and Heidegger on Reflection.” Continental Philosophy Review 36: 155–76.
Zeidler, Kurt, 2001. “Das Problem der Psychologie im System Cohens (mit Blick auf P. Natorp).” In Hermann Cohen und die Erkenntnistheorie, edited by W. Marx and E. W. Orth, pp. 135–46. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
Anderson, R. Lanier, 2005. “Neo-Kantianism and the Roots of Anti-Psychologism.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 13: 287–323.
Cassirer, Ernst, 1906. Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, vol. 1. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [DEPv1 ]
———, 1907. “Kant und die moderne Mathematik.” Kant-Studien 12: 1–40. [KMM ]
———, 1910. Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English in Substance and Function and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, by W. C. Swabey and M. C. Swabey. Chicago: Open Court, 1923. [SF ]
———, 1912. “Hermann Cohen und die Erneuerung der Kantischen Philosophie.” Kant-Studien 17: 252–73. Translated into English as “Hermann Cohen and the Renewal of Kantian Philosophy,” by L. Patton, in Luft (2015b), pp. 221–35. [HC ]
———, 1918. Kants Leben und Lehre. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as Kant’s Life and Thought, by J. Haden. New Haven: Yale University Press. [KLT ]
———, 1921. Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English in Substance and Function and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, by by W. C. Swabey and M. C. Swabey. Chicago: Open Court, 1923. [ETR ]
———, 1923. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 1, Die Sprache. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 1, Language, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. [PSFv1 ]
———, 1925a. “Paul Natorp. 24 January 1854–17 August 1924.” Kant-Studien 30: 273–98.
———, 1925a. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 2, Das mythische Denken. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 2, Mythical Thought, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. [PSFv2 ]
———, 1927. “Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie.” In Gesammelte Werke, vol. 17, pp. 13–81. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.
———, 1929. Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, vol. 3, Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Translated into English as The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 3, The Phenomenology of Knowledge, by R. Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. [PSFv3 ]
———, 1931. “Mythic, Aesthetic, and Theoretical Space.” In Cassirer (1923), pp. 317–33.
———, 1932a. “Language and the Construction of Objects.” In Cassirer (1923), pp. 334–62.
———, 1932b. Die Philosophie der Aufklärung. Tübinen: Morh. Translated into English as The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, by F. Koelln and J. Pettegrove. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951. [PE ]
———, 1936a. “Critical Idealism as a Philosophy of Culture.” MS #21. In Symbol, Myth, and Culture: Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer: 1935–1945, edited by D. P. Verene, pp. 64–91. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. [CIPC ]
———, 1936b. Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik. Göteborg: Göteborgs Högskolas Årsskrift. Translated into English as Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics, by T. Benfey. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
———, 1944. An Essay on Man. New Haven: Yale University Press. [EM ]
———, 1946. The Myth of the State. New Haven: Yale University Press.
———, 1957. Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, vol. 4, von Hegels Tod bis zur Gegenwart (1832–1932). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. Translated into English as The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History Since Hegel, by W. Woglom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. [DEPv4 ]
———, 1995. Nachgelassene Manuskripte unde Texte, vol. 1, Metaphysik der symbolischen Formen, edited by J. M. Krois and O. Schwemmer. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. Translated into English as Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, vol. 4, The Metaphysics of Symbolic Forms, by J. M. Krois. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. [PSFv4 ]
———, 2013. The Warburg Years (1919–1933): Essays on Language, Art, Myth, and Technology, translated by S. G. Lofts and A. Calcagno. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cohen, Hermann, 1871/1885. Kants Theorie der Erfahrung. Berlin: Dümmler. [KTE ]
———, 1902/1922: System der Philosophie, part 1, Logik der reinen Erkenntnis. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [LRE ]
———, 1904/1907. System der Philosophie, part 2, Ethik der reinen Willens. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [ERW ]
———, 1912. System der Philosophie, part 3, Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls, 2 vols. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. [ARG ]
Dahlstrom, Daniel, 2015. “Natorp’s Psychology.” In de Warren (2015), pp. 240–60.
De Warren, Nicolas, ed., 2015. New Approaches to Neo-Kantianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edgar, Scott, 2008. “Paul Natorp and the Emergence of Anti-Psychologism in the Nineteenth Century.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 39: 54–65.
———, 2015. “Intersubjectivity and Physical Laws in Post-Kantian Theory of Knowledge: Natorp and Cassirer.” In Friedman and Luft (2015), pp. 141–61.
Ferrari, Massimo, 2009. “Is Cassirer a Neo-Kantian Methodologically Speaking?” In Neo-Kantianism in Contemporary Philosophy, edited by R. A. Makkreel and S. Luft, pp. 293–314. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
———, 2012. “Between Cassirer and Kuhn: Some Remarks on Friedman’s Relativized A Priori.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 42: 18–26.
———, 2015. “Cassirer and the Philosophy of Science.” In de Warren (2015), pp. 261–84.
Feyaerts, Jasper and Stijn Vanheule, 2015. “How to Return to Subjectivity: Natorp, Husserl, and Lacan on the Limits of Reflection.” Theory & Psychology 25: 753–74.
Friedman, J. Tyler and Sebastian Luft, eds., 2015. The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer: A Novel Assessment. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Friedman, Michael, 1992. “Epistemology in the ‘Aufbau’.” Synthese 93: 15–57.
———, 2000. A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer and Heidegger. Chicago: Open Court.
Heis, Jeremy, 2010. “ ‘Critical Philosophy Begins At the Very Point Where Logistic Leaves Off’: Cassirer’s Response to Frege and Russell.” Perspectives on Science 18: 383–408.
———, 2014. “Realism, Functions, and the A Priori: Ernst Cassirer’s Philosophy of Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 48: 10–19.
Husserl, Edmund, 1900–1901. Logische Untersuchungen, 2 vols. Halle: M. Niemeyer. Translated into English as Logical Investigations, by J. N. Findlay. Abingdon, Routledge, 1970.
Ihmig, Karl-Norbert, 1997. Cassirers Invariantentheorie der Erfahrung und seine Rezeption des Erlanger Programms. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.
Kant, Immanuel, 1902. Kants Gesammelte Schriften, Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften edition, vol. 3, Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Berlin: de Gruyter. Translated into English as Critique of Pure Reason, by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [KrV ]
Luft, Sebastian, 2015a. The Space of Culture: Towards a Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Culture (Cohen, Natorp, and Cassirer). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———, ed., 2015b. The Neo-Kantian Reader. London: Routledge.
Matherne, Samantha, 2015. “Marburg Neo-Kantianism as Philosophy of Culture.” In Friedman and Luft (2015), pp. 201–31.
Moynahan, Gregory, 2013. Ernst Cassirer and the Critical Science of Germany, 1899–1919. London: Anthem Press.
Natorp, Paul, 1887. “Über objektive und subjektive Begründung der Erkenntniss (Erster Aufsatz).” Philosophische Monatshefte 23: 257–86. Translated into English as “On the Objective and Subjective Grounding of Knowledge,” by L. Phillips and D. Kolb, in Luft (2015b), pp. 164–79. [OS ]
———, 1888. Einleitung in die Psychologie nach kritischer Methode. Freiburg: Mohr.
———, 1910/1921. Die logischen Grundlagen der exakten Wissenschaften, Leipzig: Teubner. Translated in part into English as “The Problem of a Logic of the Exact Sciences,” from The Logical Foundations of the Exact Sciences, by F. Bottenberg, in Luft (2015b), pp. 198–213. [LF ]
———, 1912a. Allgemeine Psychologie nach kritischer Methode. Tübingen: Mohr. [AP ]
———, 1912b. “Kant und die Marburger Schule.” Kant-Studien 17: 193–221. Translated into English as “Kant and the Marburg School,” by F. Bottenberg, in Luft (2015b), pp. 180–95. [KMS ]
Poma, Andrea, 1997. The Critical Philosophy of Hermann Cohen, translated by J. Denton. Albany: SUNY Press.
Renz, Ursula, 2002. Die Rationalität der Kultur: zur Kulturphilosophie und ihrer transzendentalen Begründung bei Cohen, Natorp und Cassirer. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.
———, 2005. “Critical Idealism and the Concept of Culture: Philosophy of Culture in Hermann Cohen and Ernst Cassirer.” In Hermann Cohen’s Critical Idealism, edited by R. Munk, pp. 327–56. Dordrecht: Springer.
Richardson, Alan, 1998. Carnap’s Construction of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———, 2003. “Conceiving, Experiencing, and Conceiving Experiencing: Neo-Kantianism and the History of the Concept of Experience.” Topoi 22: 55–67.
Russell, Bertrand, 1903. The Principles of Mathematics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [PoM ]
———, 1905. “Sur la Relation des Mathématiques à la Logistique.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 13: 906–17.
Ryckman, Tom, 2005. The Reign of Relativity: Philosophy in Physics: 1915–25. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tolley, Clinton, 2012. “The Generality of Kant’s Logic.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 50: 417–46.
———, 2016. “The Context of the Development of Carnap’s Views on Logic up to the Aufbau.” In Influences on the Aufbau, edited by C. Damböck, pp. 187–212. Cham: Springer.
Zahavi, Dan, 2003. “How to Investigate Subjectivity: Natorp and Heidegger on Reflection.” Continental Philosophy Review 36: 155–76.
Zeidler, Kurt, 2001. “Das Problem der Psychologie im System Cohens (mit Blick auf P. Natorp).” In Hermann Cohen und die Erkenntnistheorie, edited by W. Marx and E. W. Orth, pp. 135–46. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
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