Helmholtz and Philosophy: Science, Perception, and Metaphysics, with Variations on Some Fichtean Themes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/jhap.v6i3.3431Abstract
This article considers Helmholtz’s relation to philosophy, including Fichte’s philosophy. Recent interpreters find Fichtean influence on Helmholtz, especially concerning the role of voluntary movement in distinguishing subject from object, or “I” from “not-I.” After examining Helmholtz’s statements about Fichte, the article describes Fichte’s ego-doctrine and asks whether Helmholtz could accept it into his sensory psychology. He could not accept Fichte’s core position, that an intrinsically active I intellectually intuits its own activity and posits the not-I as limiting and determining that activity, because that account requires cognitive abilities that conflict with Helmholtz’s claim that the development of spatial perception relies primarily on associative memory and involves no direct awareness of the ego’s activity as such. Helmholtz would have known various accounts of the distinction between subject and object, or self and world, from sensory physiology, including associative accounts invoking voluntary motor movements and accounts describing checks on the perceiver’s activity. Some of the accounts cite Fichte on the I and not-I, but most do not, and none adopt Fichte’s Idealism. Finally, the article examines Helmholtz’s relation to metaphysics, finding that in all periods he rejected Fichtean Idealism and that the modest metaphysics of his mature period is a version of structural realism.References
Bartels, Carl Moritz Nicolaus, 1834. Beiträge zur Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes. Berlin: Reimer.
Beiser, Frederick C., 2014a. After Hegel: German Philosophy 1840–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———, 2014b. The Genesis of Neo-Kantianism, 1796–1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, 1842. System der Logik als Kunstlehre des Denkens, 2 vols. Berlin: Dümmler.
Breazeale, Daniel, 2013. “Introduction: The Checkered Reception of Fichte’s Vocation of Man.” In Fichte’s Vocation of Man: New Interpretive and Critical Essays, edited by D. Breazeale and T. Rockmore, pp. 1–17. Albany: SUNY Press.
Cahan, David, ed., 1993. Letters of Hermann von Helmholtz to His Parents: The Medical Education of a German Scientist, 1837–1846. Stuttgart: Steiner.
Classen, August, 1863. Über das Schlussverfahren des Sehactes. Rostock: Kuhn.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison, 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.
De Kock, Liesbet, 2011. “Some Preliminary Considerations on Helmholtz’s Fichte: Towards a Naturalized Epistemology of Constraint?” Revista de Estud(i)os sobre Fichte [Online] 2: 1–14. http://ref.revues.org/350, accessed 30 September 2016.
———, 2014. “Voluntarism in Early Psychology: The Case of Hermann von Helmholtz.” History of Psychology 17: 105–28.
———, 2016. “Helmholtz’s Kant Revisited (Once More). The All-Pervasive Nature of Helmholtz’s Struggle with Kant’s Anschauung.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 56: 20–32.
Edgar, Scott, 2015. “The Physiology of the Sense Organs and Early Neo-Kantian Conceptions of Objectivity: Helmholtz, Lange, Liebmann.” In Objectivity in Science: New Perspectives from Science and Technology Studies, edited by F. Padovani, A. Richardson, and J. Y. Tsou, pp. 101–22. Dordrecht: Springer.
Fichte, J. G., 1794. Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre: als Handschrift für seine Zuhörer. Leipzig: Gabler. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 85–328.
———, 1797a. “Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre für Leser die schon ein philosophisches System haben.” Philosophisches Journal 5: 319–78; 6: 1–40. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 451–518.
———, 1797b. “Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre,” Philosophisches Journal 7: 1–20. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 519–34.
———, 1800. Die Bestimmung des Menschen. Berlin: Voss. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 2, pp. 167–319.
———, 1806a. Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben. Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
———, 1806b. Die Grundzüge des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters. Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
———, 1817. Die Thatsachen des Bewusstseyns. Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 2, pp. 535–691.
———, 1845–1846. Sämmtliche Werke, 8 vols. Berlin: Veit and Comp.
———, 1956. The Vocation of Man, edited by R. M. Chisholm. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
———, 1970. Science of Knowledge (with the First and Second Introductions), edited by P. Heath and J. Lachs. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
———, 1994. Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings (1797–1800), edited by D. Breazeale. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Frigg, Roman, and Ioannis Votsis, 2011. “Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Structural Realism But Were Afraid to Ask.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 1: 227–76.
Hatfield, Gary, 1990. The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception from Kant to Helmholtz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Heidelberger, Michael, 1993. “Force, Law, and Experiment: The Evolution of Helmholtz’s Philosophy of Science.” In Hermann Von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, edited by D. Cahan, pp. 461–97. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———, 1995. “Helmholtz als Philosoph.” Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 43: 835–44.
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1842. De fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum. Berlin: Nietack.
———, 1847. Über die Erhaltung der Kraft, eine physikalische Abhandlung. Berlin: Reimers.
———, 1852. “Über die Natur der menschlichen Sinnesempfindungen.” Königsberger naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltungen 3: 1–20. Reprinted in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols., vol. 2, pp. 591–609. Leipzig: Barth, 1882–1895.
———, 1855. Über das Sehen des Menschen. Leipzig: Voss. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 1, pp. 85–117.
———, 1862. Über das Verhältniss der Naturwissenschaften zur Gesammtheit der Wissenschaft. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Translated as “The Relation of the Natural Sciences to Science in General,” in SW , pp. 122–43.
———, 1863. Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
———, 1867. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Leipzig: Voss. Cited as reprinted in the third edition (1909–11), which appeared in 3 volumes.
———, 1874. “Über das Strebens nach Popularisung der Wissenschaft.” In Wissenschaftliche Fragmente, by John Tyndall, translated by G. H. Wiedemann and H. von Helmholtz, preface. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 422–34. Translated as “The Endeavor to Popularize Science,” in SW , pp. 330–39.
———, 1878. Die Thatsachen in der Wahrnehmung. Berlin: Akademie. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 213–47, 387–406; translation in FP .
———, 1886. “Antwortrede.” Bericht über die Achtzehnte Versammlung der ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 1, pp. 43–52. Stuttgart: Enke. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 311–20.
———, 1887. Das Denken in der Medicin. Berlin: Friedrich-Wilhelm-Insitut. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 165–90. Translated as “Thought in Medicine,” in SW , pp. 340–59.
———, 1891. “Erinnerungen.” In VR4, vol. 1, pp. 1–21. Translated as “An Autobiographical Sketch,” in SW , pp. 466–78.
———, 1896a. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 2nd ed., edited by A. König. Hamburg and Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1896b. Vorträge und Reden, 2 vols., 4th ed., edited by A. von Helmholtz. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Cited as VR4, plus volume and page numbers.
———, 1909–1911. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 3rd ed., edited by W. Nagel, A. Gullstrand, and J. von Kries. Hamburg and Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1921. Schriften zur Erkenntnistheorie, edited by M. Schlick and P. Hertz. Berlin: Springer.
———, 1925. Treatise on Physiological Optics, translated by J. P. C. Southall. New York: Optical Society of America. Cited by pagination of the third German edition (1909–11), in which Helmholtz’s text follows the first German edition.
———, 1971. Selected Writings, edited by R. Kahl. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Cited as SW .
———, 1977. Epistemological Writings, edited by M. Schlick and P. Hertz, translasted by M. F. Lowe. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Kant, Immanuel, 1781. Critik der reinen Vernunft. Riga: Hartnoch.
———, 1783. Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können. Riga: Hartnoch.
———, 1787. Critik der reinen Vernunft, 2nd ed. Riga: Hartnoch.
Königsberger, Leo, 1902–1903. Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. Brauschweig: Vieweg.
———, 1906. Hermann von Helmholtz, (abbreviated), translated by F. A. Welby. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Krüger, Lorenz, 1994. Universalgenie Helmholtz: Rückblick nach 100 Jahren. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Lotze, Rudolph Hermann, 1852. Medicinische Psychologie; oder, Physiologie der Seele. Leipzig: Weidmann.
———, 1856–1864. Mikrokosmus: Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit; Versuch einer Anthropologie. Leipzig: Hirzel.
McDonald, Patrick, 2002. “Helmholtz’s Methodology of Sensory Science, the Zeichentheorie, and Physical Models of Hearing Mechanisms.” In History of Philosophy of Science: New Trends and Perspectives, edited by M. Heidelberger and F. Stadler, pp. 159–83. Dordrecht: Springer.
———, 2003. “Demonstration by Simulation: The Philosophical Significance of Experiment in Helmholtz’s Theory of Perception.” Perspectives on Science 11: 170–207.
Mill, J. S., 1843. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and Methods of Scientific Investigation, 2 vols. London: Parker.
———, 1862–1863. System der deductiven und inductiven Logik: Eine Darlegung der Principien wissenschaftlicher Forschung, insbesondere der Naturforschung, 2nd ed., after 5th English ed. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Müller, Johannes, 1826. Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes des Menschen und der Thiere. Leipzig: Cnobloch.
———, 1833–1840. Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, 2 vols. Coblenz: Hölscher. Partial trnaslation in Müller (1843).
———, 1843. Elements of Physiology, 2 vols. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
———, 1992. “Anhang: Johannes Müller an Johannes Schulze, Bonn, 18. Februar 1823.” In Johannes Müller und die Philosophie, edited by M. Hagner and B. Wahrig-Schmidt, pp. 22–26. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Nagel, Albrecht, 1861. Das Sehen mit zwei Augen und die Lehre von den identischen Netzhautstellen. Leipzig and Heidelberg: Winter.
Neuber, Matthias, 2012. “Helmholtz’s Theory of Space and its Significance for Schlick.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 20: 163–80.
Patton, Lydia, 2009. “Signs, Toy Models, and the A Priori: From Helmholtz to Wittgenstein.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 40: 281–89.
Reed, Edward S., 1982. “Descartes’ Corporeal Ideas Hypothesis and the Origin of Scientific Psychology.” Review of Metaphysics 35: 731–52.
Richards, Robert J., 1980. “Wundt’s Early Theories of Unconscious Inference and Cognitive Evolution in their Relation to Darwinian Biopsychology.” In Wundt Studies, edited by W. G. Bringmann and R. D. Tweney, pp. 42–70. Toronto: Hogrefe.
———, 2002. The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Scheerer, Eckart, 1987. “Muscle Sense and Innervation Feelings: A Chapter in the History of Perception and Action.” In Perspectives on Perception and Action, edited by H. Heuer and A. F. Sanders, pp. 171–94. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schiemann, Gregor, 2009. Hermann von Helmholtz’s Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty; A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature, translated by C. Klohr. Dordrecht: Springer.
Schnädelbach, Herbert, 1984. Philosophy in Germany 1831–1933, translated by E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siebeck, Hermann, 1878. “Die metaphysischen Systeme in ihrem gemeinsamen Verhältnisse zur Erfahrung.” Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie 2: 1–37, 150–87.
Steinbuch, Johann Georg, 1811. Beytrag zur Physiologie der Sinne. Nurnberg: Schrag.
Tourtual, Caspar Theobald, 1827. Die Sinne des Menschen. Münster: Regensberg.
Turner, R. Steven, 1977. “Hermann von Helmholtz and the Empiricist Vision.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13: 48–58.
Ulrici, Hermann, 1866. Gott und der Mensch, vol. 1, Leib und Seele, Grundzüge einer Psychologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Weigel.
Volkmann, Alfred W., 1836. Neue Beiträge zur Physioloige des Gesichtssinnes. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.
Waitz, Theodor, 1849. Lehrbuch der Psychologie als Naturwissenschaft. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Wundt, Wilhelm, 1862. Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung. Leipzig and Heidelberg: Winter.
———, 1863. Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Thierseele, 2 vols. Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1880–1883. Logik: Eine Untersuchung der Principien der Erkenntniss und der Methoden wissenschaftlicher Forschung, 2 vols. Stuttgart: Enke.
Beiser, Frederick C., 2014a. After Hegel: German Philosophy 1840–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———, 2014b. The Genesis of Neo-Kantianism, 1796–1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beneke, Friedrich Eduard, 1842. System der Logik als Kunstlehre des Denkens, 2 vols. Berlin: Dümmler.
Breazeale, Daniel, 2013. “Introduction: The Checkered Reception of Fichte’s Vocation of Man.” In Fichte’s Vocation of Man: New Interpretive and Critical Essays, edited by D. Breazeale and T. Rockmore, pp. 1–17. Albany: SUNY Press.
Cahan, David, ed., 1993. Letters of Hermann von Helmholtz to His Parents: The Medical Education of a German Scientist, 1837–1846. Stuttgart: Steiner.
Classen, August, 1863. Über das Schlussverfahren des Sehactes. Rostock: Kuhn.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison, 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.
De Kock, Liesbet, 2011. “Some Preliminary Considerations on Helmholtz’s Fichte: Towards a Naturalized Epistemology of Constraint?” Revista de Estud(i)os sobre Fichte [Online] 2: 1–14. http://ref.revues.org/350, accessed 30 September 2016.
———, 2014. “Voluntarism in Early Psychology: The Case of Hermann von Helmholtz.” History of Psychology 17: 105–28.
———, 2016. “Helmholtz’s Kant Revisited (Once More). The All-Pervasive Nature of Helmholtz’s Struggle with Kant’s Anschauung.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 56: 20–32.
Edgar, Scott, 2015. “The Physiology of the Sense Organs and Early Neo-Kantian Conceptions of Objectivity: Helmholtz, Lange, Liebmann.” In Objectivity in Science: New Perspectives from Science and Technology Studies, edited by F. Padovani, A. Richardson, and J. Y. Tsou, pp. 101–22. Dordrecht: Springer.
Fichte, J. G., 1794. Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre: als Handschrift für seine Zuhörer. Leipzig: Gabler. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 85–328.
———, 1797a. “Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre für Leser die schon ein philosophisches System haben.” Philosophisches Journal 5: 319–78; 6: 1–40. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 451–518.
———, 1797b. “Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre,” Philosophisches Journal 7: 1–20. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 1, pp. 519–34.
———, 1800. Die Bestimmung des Menschen. Berlin: Voss. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 2, pp. 167–319.
———, 1806a. Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben. Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
———, 1806b. Die Grundzüge des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters. Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
———, 1817. Die Thatsachen des Bewusstseyns. Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta. Reprinted in Fichte (1845–46), vol. 2, pp. 535–691.
———, 1845–1846. Sämmtliche Werke, 8 vols. Berlin: Veit and Comp.
———, 1956. The Vocation of Man, edited by R. M. Chisholm. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
———, 1970. Science of Knowledge (with the First and Second Introductions), edited by P. Heath and J. Lachs. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
———, 1994. Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings (1797–1800), edited by D. Breazeale. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Frigg, Roman, and Ioannis Votsis, 2011. “Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Structural Realism But Were Afraid to Ask.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 1: 227–76.
Hatfield, Gary, 1990. The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception from Kant to Helmholtz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Heidelberger, Michael, 1993. “Force, Law, and Experiment: The Evolution of Helmholtz’s Philosophy of Science.” In Hermann Von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, edited by D. Cahan, pp. 461–97. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———, 1995. “Helmholtz als Philosoph.” Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 43: 835–44.
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 1842. De fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum. Berlin: Nietack.
———, 1847. Über die Erhaltung der Kraft, eine physikalische Abhandlung. Berlin: Reimers.
———, 1852. “Über die Natur der menschlichen Sinnesempfindungen.” Königsberger naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltungen 3: 1–20. Reprinted in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols., vol. 2, pp. 591–609. Leipzig: Barth, 1882–1895.
———, 1855. Über das Sehen des Menschen. Leipzig: Voss. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 1, pp. 85–117.
———, 1862. Über das Verhältniss der Naturwissenschaften zur Gesammtheit der Wissenschaft. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Translated as “The Relation of the Natural Sciences to Science in General,” in SW , pp. 122–43.
———, 1863. Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
———, 1867. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Leipzig: Voss. Cited as reprinted in the third edition (1909–11), which appeared in 3 volumes.
———, 1874. “Über das Strebens nach Popularisung der Wissenschaft.” In Wissenschaftliche Fragmente, by John Tyndall, translated by G. H. Wiedemann and H. von Helmholtz, preface. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 422–34. Translated as “The Endeavor to Popularize Science,” in SW , pp. 330–39.
———, 1878. Die Thatsachen in der Wahrnehmung. Berlin: Akademie. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 213–47, 387–406; translation in FP .
———, 1886. “Antwortrede.” Bericht über die Achtzehnte Versammlung der ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 1, pp. 43–52. Stuttgart: Enke. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 311–20.
———, 1887. Das Denken in der Medicin. Berlin: Friedrich-Wilhelm-Insitut. Reprinted in VR4, vol. 2, pp. 165–90. Translated as “Thought in Medicine,” in SW , pp. 340–59.
———, 1891. “Erinnerungen.” In VR4, vol. 1, pp. 1–21. Translated as “An Autobiographical Sketch,” in SW , pp. 466–78.
———, 1896a. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 2nd ed., edited by A. König. Hamburg and Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1896b. Vorträge und Reden, 2 vols., 4th ed., edited by A. von Helmholtz. Braunschweig: Vieweg. Cited as VR4, plus volume and page numbers.
———, 1909–1911. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 3rd ed., edited by W. Nagel, A. Gullstrand, and J. von Kries. Hamburg and Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1921. Schriften zur Erkenntnistheorie, edited by M. Schlick and P. Hertz. Berlin: Springer.
———, 1925. Treatise on Physiological Optics, translated by J. P. C. Southall. New York: Optical Society of America. Cited by pagination of the third German edition (1909–11), in which Helmholtz’s text follows the first German edition.
———, 1971. Selected Writings, edited by R. Kahl. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Cited as SW .
———, 1977. Epistemological Writings, edited by M. Schlick and P. Hertz, translasted by M. F. Lowe. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Kant, Immanuel, 1781. Critik der reinen Vernunft. Riga: Hartnoch.
———, 1783. Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können. Riga: Hartnoch.
———, 1787. Critik der reinen Vernunft, 2nd ed. Riga: Hartnoch.
Königsberger, Leo, 1902–1903. Hermann von Helmholtz, 3 vols. Brauschweig: Vieweg.
———, 1906. Hermann von Helmholtz, (abbreviated), translated by F. A. Welby. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Krüger, Lorenz, 1994. Universalgenie Helmholtz: Rückblick nach 100 Jahren. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Lotze, Rudolph Hermann, 1852. Medicinische Psychologie; oder, Physiologie der Seele. Leipzig: Weidmann.
———, 1856–1864. Mikrokosmus: Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit; Versuch einer Anthropologie. Leipzig: Hirzel.
McDonald, Patrick, 2002. “Helmholtz’s Methodology of Sensory Science, the Zeichentheorie, and Physical Models of Hearing Mechanisms.” In History of Philosophy of Science: New Trends and Perspectives, edited by M. Heidelberger and F. Stadler, pp. 159–83. Dordrecht: Springer.
———, 2003. “Demonstration by Simulation: The Philosophical Significance of Experiment in Helmholtz’s Theory of Perception.” Perspectives on Science 11: 170–207.
Mill, J. S., 1843. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and Methods of Scientific Investigation, 2 vols. London: Parker.
———, 1862–1863. System der deductiven und inductiven Logik: Eine Darlegung der Principien wissenschaftlicher Forschung, insbesondere der Naturforschung, 2nd ed., after 5th English ed. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Müller, Johannes, 1826. Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes des Menschen und der Thiere. Leipzig: Cnobloch.
———, 1833–1840. Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, 2 vols. Coblenz: Hölscher. Partial trnaslation in Müller (1843).
———, 1843. Elements of Physiology, 2 vols. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
———, 1992. “Anhang: Johannes Müller an Johannes Schulze, Bonn, 18. Februar 1823.” In Johannes Müller und die Philosophie, edited by M. Hagner and B. Wahrig-Schmidt, pp. 22–26. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Nagel, Albrecht, 1861. Das Sehen mit zwei Augen und die Lehre von den identischen Netzhautstellen. Leipzig and Heidelberg: Winter.
Neuber, Matthias, 2012. “Helmholtz’s Theory of Space and its Significance for Schlick.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 20: 163–80.
Patton, Lydia, 2009. “Signs, Toy Models, and the A Priori: From Helmholtz to Wittgenstein.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 40: 281–89.
Reed, Edward S., 1982. “Descartes’ Corporeal Ideas Hypothesis and the Origin of Scientific Psychology.” Review of Metaphysics 35: 731–52.
Richards, Robert J., 1980. “Wundt’s Early Theories of Unconscious Inference and Cognitive Evolution in their Relation to Darwinian Biopsychology.” In Wundt Studies, edited by W. G. Bringmann and R. D. Tweney, pp. 42–70. Toronto: Hogrefe.
———, 2002. The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Scheerer, Eckart, 1987. “Muscle Sense and Innervation Feelings: A Chapter in the History of Perception and Action.” In Perspectives on Perception and Action, edited by H. Heuer and A. F. Sanders, pp. 171–94. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schiemann, Gregor, 2009. Hermann von Helmholtz’s Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty; A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature, translated by C. Klohr. Dordrecht: Springer.
Schnädelbach, Herbert, 1984. Philosophy in Germany 1831–1933, translated by E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siebeck, Hermann, 1878. “Die metaphysischen Systeme in ihrem gemeinsamen Verhältnisse zur Erfahrung.” Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie 2: 1–37, 150–87.
Steinbuch, Johann Georg, 1811. Beytrag zur Physiologie der Sinne. Nurnberg: Schrag.
Tourtual, Caspar Theobald, 1827. Die Sinne des Menschen. Münster: Regensberg.
Turner, R. Steven, 1977. “Hermann von Helmholtz and the Empiricist Vision.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13: 48–58.
Ulrici, Hermann, 1866. Gott und der Mensch, vol. 1, Leib und Seele, Grundzüge einer Psychologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Weigel.
Volkmann, Alfred W., 1836. Neue Beiträge zur Physioloige des Gesichtssinnes. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.
Waitz, Theodor, 1849. Lehrbuch der Psychologie als Naturwissenschaft. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
Wundt, Wilhelm, 1862. Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung. Leipzig and Heidelberg: Winter.
———, 1863. Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Thierseele, 2 vols. Leipzig: Voss.
———, 1880–1883. Logik: Eine Untersuchung der Principien der Erkenntniss und der Methoden wissenschaftlicher Forschung, 2 vols. Stuttgart: Enke.
Downloads
Published
2018-02-05
Issue
Section
Articles
License
The Public Knowledge Project recommends the use of the Creative Commons license. The Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy requires authors to agree to a Creative Commons Attribution /Non-commercial license. Authors who publish with the Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC license.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
