Triangulating with an Envatted Brain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15173/jhap.v16i2.5695Abstract
During a conversation about skepticism at a closed 1986 Stanford Conference, Donald Davidson remarks that an envatted brain might correctly be interpreted as talking about the world outside its vat, to which it could have access via an “indirect causal chain.” In this paper, I examine this puzzling suggestion in the context of Davidson’s theory of triangulation, which would seem to preclude the interpreter being a mediate cause in the chain stemming from objects to the subject of interpretation. By prying apart a range of scenarios that the conference participants discuss, I distinguish Davidson’s antiskeptical argument from others in the semantic externalist family to which it belongs, and argue that his approach to language and mind may provide particular consolation to a person made anxious by the threat of solipsism.
Downloads
References
Amoretti, M. Cristina. 2011. “Triangulation Between Externalism and Internalism.” In Triangulation: From an Epistemological Point of View, edited by M. Cristina Amoretti and Gerhard Preyer, 47–68. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
Amoretti, M. Cristina, and Gerhard Preyer, eds. 2011. Triangulation: From an Epistemological Point of View. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
Bernecker, Sven. 2013. Triangular Externalism. Edited by Ernie Lepore and Kirk Ludwig. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Borradori, Giovanna. 1994. The American Philosopher. Translated by Rosanna Crocitto. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Bridges, Jason. 2006. “Davidson’s Transcendental Externalism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 73 (2): 290–315.
Davidson, Donald. 1978. “What Metaphors Mean.” Critical Inquiry 5: 31–47. Reprinted in Davidson (2001c), pp. 245-64.
———. 1982. “Rational Animals.” Dialectica 36: 318–27. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 95-106.
———. 1983. A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 137–53.
———. 1987. “Afterthoughts.” In Reading Rorty, edited by Alan Malachowski, 134–37. Cambridge: Blackwell. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 154–57.
———. 1990. “Meaning, Truth and Evidence.” In Perspectives on Quine, edited by R. Barrett and R. Gibson, 47--62. Oxford: Blackwell. Reprinted in Davidson (2005).
———. 1991a. “Epistemology Externalized.” Dialectica 45 (2/3): 191–202. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 193-204.
———. 1991b. “Three Varieties of Knowledge.” In A.J. Ayer Memorial Essays: Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, edited by A. Phillips Griffiths, vol. 30, 30:153–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 205-20.
———. 1992. “The Second Person.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 17 (1): 255–67. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), pp. 107-22.
———. 1997. “Seeing Through Language.” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 42: 15–27. Reprinted in Davidson (2005), pp. 127-42.
———. 1999a. “Reply to Barry Stroud.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. In Hahn, 162–66. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
———. 1999b. “Reply to Thomas Nagel.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. In Hahn, 207–09. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
———. 1999c. “The Emergence of Thought.” Erkenntnis 51 (1): 7–17. Reprinted in Davidson (2001d), 123-34.
———. 2001a. “Comments on the Karlovy Vary Papers.” In Interpreting Davidson, edited by Peter Kotatko, Peter Pagin, and Gabriel Segal, 285–308. Stanford: CSLI Press.
———. 2001b. “Externalisms.” In Interpreting Davidson, edited by Peter Kotatko, Peter Pagin, and Gabriel Segal, 1–16. Stanford: CSLI Press.
———. 2001c. Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2001d. Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2005. Truth, Language, and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ellis, Jonathan. 2011. “Stroud’s Proposal for Removing the Threat of Skepticism.” In The Possibility of Philosophical Understanding: Reflection on the Thought of Barry Stroud, edited by W. Wong, N. Kolodny, and J. Bridges, 86–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Føllesdal, Dagfinn. 1999. “Triangulation.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. Hahn, 719–28. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Forbes, Graeme. 1999. “Realism and Skepticism: Brains in a Vat Revisited.” In Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader, edited by Keith DeRose and Ted A. Warfield, 61–75.
Genova, A. C. 1999. “The Very Idea of Massive Truth.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. Hahn, 167–91. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Glock, Hans. 2003. Quine and Davidson on Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goldberg, Nathaniel. 2022. “The Systematicity of Davidson’s Anti-Skeptical Arguments.” Topoi 42 (1): 1–13.
Hahn, L. E., ed. 1999. The Philosophy of Donald Davidson. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Hirsch, Eli. 2018. Radical Skepticism and the Shadow of Doubt: A Philosophical Dialogue. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
Kotatko, Peter, Peter Pagin, and Gabriel Segal, eds. 2001. Interpreting Davidson. Stanford: CSLI Press.
Lepore, Ernie, and Kirk Ludwig. 2005. Donald Davidson: Meaning, Truth, Language, and Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———, eds. 2013. A Companion to Donald Davidson. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Malpas, Jeff. 2011. “Triangulation and Philosophy: A Davidsonian Landscape.” In Triangulation: From an Epistemological Point of View, edited by M. Cristina Amoretti and Gerhard Preyer, 257–80. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
Marschall, Benjamin, ed. 2026. “The 1986 Stanford Conversation Between Quine, Davidson, Dreben, and Føllesdal.” Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 16 (2): 13–396.
McDowell, John. 1994. Mind and World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
McGinn, Colin. 1986. “Radical Interpretation and Epistemology.” In Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by Ernie Lepore, 356–68. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, Self, & Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Edited by Charles Morris. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Morris, Charles. 1937. Logical Positivism, Pragmatism, and Scientific Empiricism. Paris: Hermann.
Myers, Robert H., and Claudine Verheggen. 2016. Donald Davidson’s Triangulation Argument: A Philosophical Inquiry. London and New York: Routledge.
Nagel, Thomas. 1999. “Davidson’s New Cogito.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. Hahn, 195–206. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Pagin, Peter. 2001. “Semantic Triangulation.” In Interpreting Davidson, edited by Peter Kotatko, Peter Pagin, and Gabriel Segal, 199–212. Stanford: CSLI Press.
Pearson, James. 2011. “Distinguishing W. V. Quine and Donald Davidson.” Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 1 (1): 1–22.
———. 2023. “Objectivity Socialized.” In The Philosophical Project of Carnap and Quine, edited by Sean Morris, 92–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pritchard, Duncan. 2013. Davidson and Radical Skepticism. Edited by Ernie Lepore and Kirk Ludwig. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Putnam, Hilary. 1981. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quine, W. V. 1992. Pursuit of Truth. Revised Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ramberg, Bjorn. 2001. “What Davidson Said to the Skeptic.” In Interpreting Davidson, edited by Peter Kotatko, Peter Pagin, and Gabriel Segal, 213–36. Stanford: CSLI Press.
Stroud, Barry. 1999. “Radical Interpretation and Philosophical Scepticism.” In The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, edited by L. E. Hahn, 139–61. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Yalowitz, Steven. 1999. “Davidson’s Social Externalism.” Philosophia 27: 99–136.
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Public Knowledge Project recommends the use of the Creative Commons license. The Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy requires authors to agree to a Creative Commons Attribution /Non-commercial license. Authors who publish with the Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC license.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.